Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereschenkivska str., 2, 01004 Kyiv, Ukraine,
E-mail: cell@svitonline.com
The main topics of Space Life Sciences in Ukraine for 2003-2007 years are directed on the experimental test of original concepts and hypotheses proposed by Ukrainian scientists in this field, working out new methodological approaches to the organization of spaceflight and ground-based experiments, and the analyses of the experimental material as well as on the soluion of applied tasks and creation of a new generation of the equipment for spaceflight experiments. The following directions were defined:
The first two directions are closely connected with the tasks of gravitational biology, i.e. the understanding of the mechanisms of organism gravisensitivity, especially at the cellular and molecular levels. There are planned the investigations of the structure, physicochemical and functional properties of biological membranes with the use of model systems – liposomes and fractions of the cytoplasmic membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and presynaptic membranes as well as a proliferative activity and regulation of a cell cycle in the conditions of altered gravity. It is of interest to study the influence of microgravity on the molecular organization and the dynamics of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton in different cell types. An attention is paid to the functioning of signal systems in cells, especially the Ca2+-messenger system in altered gravity. The research of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in altered gravity is the new approach to an elucidation of gravi-sensitive and gravi-depended processes in cells. The studies of morphological and functional peculiarities of nervous, endocrine and immune systems at the cellular and molecular levels in microgravity allow to reveal the possible changes in the functioning of these systems in altered gravity that will further to understand the undesirable changes in cosmonauts’ health in long-term space flights. The complex analysis of the phenomenon of the bone mass loss under hypokinesia and in space flight that is a situation of the maximal deficit of a mechanical load and an adequate model for the elucidation of the regularities of osteoporosis development is occurred. A main task of developmental biology in space flight is the elucidation of possibilities of complete ontogenesis realization with plants and small animals and their reproduction in microgravity that is directly connected with the CELSS working out. The Program on Space Life Sciences is opened for broad international collaboration.
Lviv Centre of Institute of Space Research
5-A Naukova St., 79060 Lviv, Ukraine,
Web-site: http://www.isr.lviv.ua
E-mail: vakor@isr.lviv.ua
Main orientation of space research in Europe is international participation in GMES program launched by EC. This program aims mainly not at new research, but at the coordination of the existing facilities and R&D activity with final goal to create the users community in Europe. The main direction of R&D works in LCISR is the study of “terragenic” effects in the ionosphere as the elements of space weather (SW) related to global monitoring of environment and security. Both ground support and spatial experiments are under realization now and next step is their integration into the European GMES network.
The ground monitoring of electromagnetic effects is executed at the modern observatory operating at Ukrainian Antarctic station “Akademik Vernadsky”. Due to exclusively clean electromagnetic environment there it became possible to carry out the observations at the lowest possible electromagnetic sensors sensitivity threshold. Several new physical effects are already detected there and theoretically explained. This observatory is practically ready for SW-GMES program participation as remote reference.
Next stage – continuous ionospheric observations – will be realized in the year 2004 when the Ukrainian remote sensing satellite “SICH-1M” will be launched into polar Sun-synchronous orbit (altitude ~ 650 km) with the specialized scientific electromagnetic equipment “VARIANT” onboard.
Other ionospheric experiments dedicated to SW program are also under realization. First, this is Russian-Ukrainian “ENVIRONMENT” mission aimed at the continuous monitoring of electromagnetic state of the ionosphere onboard Russian segment of International Space Station. The feasibility study is over and the foreseen launch date is 2005.
Second, a new Russian-Ukrainian electromagnetically clean experiment in ionosphere is agreed. The experiment will be realized onboard microsatellite CHIBIS which is under development now at Space Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences. It will be launched in 2005 at the independent orbit about 500 km high using ISS infrastructure.
These experiments at the ground based observation sites together with LEO satellites have to help also in the understanding of the impact of Earth generated processes upon the ionosphere. The clarification of this influence can be of great importance for conceptual GMES models. Their study can help us in the solution of very actual problems: monitoring of man-made global changes (e.g., intense power consuming and CO2 producing enterprises) and natural hazards (e.g., thunderstorm activity, earthquake preparation processes) from LEO satellites. The key questions here are the mechanism of the transport of energy released into Earth’s lithosphere and in neutral atmosphere to the terrestrial plasma and the methodology of separation in the ionosphere of the effects “from top” and “from bottom”.
The operation plan and expected deliveries into GMES program are discussed.
(Correlation Optics Dept, Chernivtsy University,
Kotsyubinsky St., Chernivtsy 58012, Ukraine)
Genadii Demyanovskii
(Dephis, LTD, 8 Skladska St., Chernivtsy 58023, Ukraine)
Tel(3803722)44730,Fax(3803722)44730
E-mail: oleg@optical.chernovtsy.ua
The present stage of development of surface processing and thin-film growing in a range of nanotechnologies in microelectronics, space- and optics-related industries requires improving of the systems for surface roughness control to pro-vide both precise and real-time performance. It presumes transition from passive laboratory measuring devices to non-contact sensors ensuring direct correlation of the processing regime with transformation of a surface. These requirements may be satisfied using the optical correlation measuring devices proposed by us in mono-graph [1], which provide non-contact, fast-acting, and high-accurate surface roughness control. For this, we use a shearing interferometer, in which the object field interferes with itself, rather than with the reference field, thus making possible the measurements of arbitrarily shaped surfaces with the radius of curvature larger than 0.2 m. This is especially important e.g. in the space industry to monitor the quality of mirrors fabricated by diamond micro-sharpening, in the photochemical industry to monitor the quality of calender shafts, etc. Being directly mounted at the polishing machine tool, this device is practicable for the surface quality control during making of the detail. Calender shafts and spherical mirrors under finishing of them by diamond micro-sharpening have been successfully controlled earlier, and sensitivity estimated by the RMS height parameter down to 0,001 m has been achieved.
This portable device provides additional possibilities: adoptability for control of surfaces with various magnitudes of the reflection coefficient; controllable multiplication factor ensuring the diagnostics of surfaces with large surface roughness; calibration of the device. Technical parameters of device: measured RMS range - 0,002 to 0.05 mm; measurement accuracy - 0.001 mm; measurement scheme - polarization interferometer; indication rate - one measurement per second; size - 150mm x 50mm x 22mm.
1. Angelsky O. V., Maksimyak P. P., Hanson S. The Use of Optical-Correlation Techniques for Characterizing Scattering Object and Media. - Bellingham: SPIE Press PM71, 1999. - 194p.
A portable device for surface roughness control is presented in Figure.
Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
27 Zabolotnogo St., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680.
E-mail: vida@mao.kiev.ua
Polarimetric observations could provide the data for determination of three-dimensional structure and geometry of many celestial objects. UV-polarimetric observations are important for the analysis of structure of radiation of celestial bodies with small angular sizes, analysis of aggregate state, composition, and structure both atmosphere of celestial bodies and surface of atmosphere-free bodies, etc. It is planned to use unique experience of the Main Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in design of UV-spectropolarimeter. It is expected that 40-cm space-born telescope will be equipped by this UV-spectropolarimeter capable to measure the linear polarization of radiation of celestial objects up to 15m in spectral range of 220 – 400 nm. The error of this measurement will be about of 1 % for duration of measurements of one hour in bands with 20(30)-nm width and with quantum effectiveness of 30 % (without replacing the phase plate). Such a space-born UV-spectropolarimeter will designed to satisfy following requirements:
- Polarimeter will be autonomous device with proper panoramic light-receiver;
- Polarimeter will be designed to register all the four Stockes parameters of UV-radiation of celestial bodies;
- The unique material, which is used in given spectral range (magnesium fluoride), has a low transparency in range up to 130 nm. By this reason, to reach the high limited resolution of telescope, we propose to minimize both the number of elements and their thickness;
- Since polarimetric blocks are displaced from the optical axis of telescope, so the strongest aberration in image is astigmatism broadening the Point Spread Function (PSF) up to 40-50 nm. To reach a high resolution it is necessary to correct this astigmatism (PSF should be not broader than pixel of receiver);
- Phase plate in converging beams causes all the types of aberration, which should be also corrected.
- It is proposed to exclude the dispersive elements from construction of polarimeter. Instead of these elements the Wollaston prism of unique construction will be used. It will consist of two wedges with spherical surfaces assembled at the optical contact, and the curvature centers of wedges will be displaced. The same Wollaston prism will be accomplished as the splitting-beam polarization prism (just as in ordinary polarimeters). So, the functions of image constructions, of selection by wavelengths, and of polarization analysis will be concentrated in one ordinary element. It will allow us to multiply light transparency of device by 3-10 times, which is of especial importance for far UV-range of spectrum.
- At the first time in UV-polarimetric measurements the unique achromatic UV-lager (phase shifter) is envisaged for modulation of UV-radiation. This unit is manufactured in the MAO NASU. It will allow us to increase efficiency of polarization analysis both for linear and circle polarization simultaneously in all effective spectral range of device. It will allow also excluding necessity in replacement of modulators for different ranges of spectrum and different kinds of polarization.
Kalmykov CRSE of NASU and NSAU, Ak.Proskura st.,12, Kharkov,61085,Ukraine,
E-mail: kalmykov@mail.ru; kalmykov@ire.kharkov.ua
The present paper discusses the experience in conducting the aerospace radar investigations into the natural environment of the Earth. The Kalmykov CRSE experts have gained this experience for many years. The paper likewise focused on the joint application of radar remote systems developed in Ukraine and the EU countries to monitor the territory of Ukraine, adjacent regions and to upgrade remote sensing RS techniques. The Kalmykov CRSE experts have developed a series of space- and air-borne RS radar system including the well-known wide-swath SLR of the “Cosmos-1500”/”Ocean”/”Sich” type man-made satellite. A good deal of experience has been acquired to employ the RS techniques to tackle the problems pertinent to warding off natural and anthropogenic catastrophes and critical situations:
- Detecting the initial stages and monitoring of hazardous atmospheric processes like cyclones, storms, hurricanes over the oceans and inland seas;
- Ensuring the ice reconnaissance and navigation safety in ice-covered areas;
- Detecting the oil slicks and other surface-active substances on the water surface;
- Diagnosing precipitations, snow melting, floods and underflooding processes;
- Diagnosing the status of vegetation, forests, forest cutting areas and deforestation processes, etc.
97419 Evpatoria-19, Ukraine
E-mail: ncuvkz@evpatoria.com
The National Space Control and Test Centre possesses rich opportunities for environment monitoring information delivery. NSCTC structure includes divisions which can potentially participate in realization of GMES scientific programs, such as the Operational Planning Center of space system " Sich-1M ", Space Vehicles Flight Control Centres , including " Sich-1M" and "MicrosputniK". Besides the Center possesses a network of stations receiving information from SV of small, average and high resolution, located in Yevpatoria and Dunaevtsy.
Included into NSCTC structure Main Special Control Center, already representing the information to ÑTBTO (Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive nuclear - Test -Ban Treaty Organization), can be a source of the unique information on geophysical monitoring. We possess the ramified network of observation and autonomous sites, the powerful software, observation data long-term base.
Thus, National Space Control and Test Center in the structure of National Space Agency of Ukraine can become the full participant of GMES program by several directions: operating of the Earth distant probing space facilities, Navigation Field control, space control geophysical monitoring.
Special Research & Development Bureau for Cryogenic technologies of B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics & Engineering,
NAS of Ukraine (SRDB ILTPE)
47 Lenin Ave., Kharkiv, 61103 Ukraine
Tel.: (380-572) 322-111; Fax: (380-572) 321-292;
E- mail: mail@cryocosmos.com
SRDB ILTPE developed and manufactured the complex equipment (CE RSM) which is intended for laboratory investigations of changes in optical, electrical and mechanical properties of material`s samples under conditions that simulate an action of space environment factors such as corpuscular radiation from Van Allen radiation belts of the Earth, electromagnetic solar radiation, as well as space vacuum, blackness and cyclic changes of temperature from 80 to 430 K.
The CE RSM enables us:
- to study optical and electrical characteristics of materials inside cryogenic vacuum chamber for investigations of radiation stability of materials (CVC RSM). In this chamber investigated objects are exposed to joint or separate influence of vacuum, ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and ultra soft X-ray (USX) radiation, action of proton and electron flux as well as thermal cycling;
- to study mechanical characteristics of materials in the special vacuum chamber for investigations of mechanical properties (VCMP), wherein samples of material are exposed to action of VUV and USX radiations;
- to expose materials to influence of radiation factors and to thermal cycling for further study of their properties by means of suitable scientific devices and facilities outside the CE RSM.
- Cryogenic vacuum chamber volume, l 450
- Pressure in working volume, Pa 3×10-4
- Accelerated protons and electrons energy range, keV 50...200
- Proton and electron flux currents, mA 0.01...20
- Irradiated area dimensions, mm 110x110
- Gas- jet source of VUV and USX radiation spectral wavelength range, nm 1.24...150
- Gas- discharge source of VUV radiation spectral wavelength range, nm 115...200
- Solar simulator spectral wavelength range, nm 200...400 or 350...2500
- Optical measurements system measured values range in definition of spectral absoptivity, directional transmittance, mirror reflectance 0.01...1.0
- Mechanical test regimes: active; creep; stress relaxation
Special Research & Development Bureau for Cryogenic technologies of B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics & Engineering,
NAS of Ukraine (SRDB ILTPE)
47 Lenin Ave., Kharkiv, 61103 Ukraine
Tel.: (380-572) 322-111; Fax: (380-572) 321-292;
E- mail: mail@cryocosmos.com
The SRDB ILTPE has been nominated as a leading entity in Ukraine to organize, arrange and implement three Ukrainian-Russian joint experiments to be held onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS): "Material- Friction", "Penta- Fatigue" and "Boiling". The first and the second experiments relate to field of space materials science and are directed on investigation of influence of space environment (SEF) factors on mechanical (tribological and fatigue) properties of structural materials. The third experiment is devoted to investigations in the field of heat-mass transfer under the conditions of microgravity (MG).
"Material-Friction" Experiment. It is proposed to carry out of comparative tribological research under the space flight conditions onboard the ISS and in a ground-based laboratory. Special onboard 6-module space tribometer will be used for this purpose. Ground- based laboratory research will be carried out under the conditions of simulated space factors. The results obtained will permit prediction both the frictional behaviour of friction units and the safe and durable operation of space vehicles. This experiment will allow revealing the adequacy of tribological results under real space and ground-simulated conditions.
"Penta-Fatigue" Experiment. To study the SEF influence on fatigue resistance of metals and polymeric materials, it is proposed to develop and manufacture "Cycle-1" unit for installation onboard ISS. Such a study will be carried out in raw space for the first time. It allows evaluation of the structural materials durability under the space conditions for such important mechanical characteristic as fatigue resistance, and selection of the approved structural materials for space industry. At the same time, results of this space testing of materials in combination with the results of pre- and post-flight testing at the identical cyclic loading under the simulated conditions in the ground-based laboratory will enable determination of the adequacy of "simulated space environment factors".
"Boiling" Experiment. The goal of this experiment is to study of MG influence on the vapour phase dynamics in boiling and barbotage, main heat transfer parameters, stability of boiling regimes against local disturbances, and the dynamics of critical transitions in going from the nucleate boiling to the film boiling regime. Helium should be used as the working fluid to correctly verify the theoretical concepts of the MG influence on boiling physics. The helium cryogenic facility for installation onboard ISS is a 100- litter cryostat (filled with liquid helium) being spinned at 0.3 r.p.m. velocity by a rotating platform on the external side of ISS. The expected results will be not only of theoretical importance but will also find engineering application for improving the onboard cooling systems, cryogenic fuel storage and pumping-over systems.
*Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics NANU,
**Institute of Space Research NANU and NKAU,
*** Central Design Bureau “Arsenal”
Contact person S.M.Kochubey, Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics NANU, 03022 Kiev, Vasilkovskaya str. 31/17, Phone/Fax 2588146, E-mail: skbiofis@naverex.kiev.ua
The vegetation is one of the major objects on a terrestrial surface, because it is one of the main components of an environment providing a life on the Earth. Oxygen in the atmosphere, the food and source of energy in future - all these basic problems of mankind can be solved only by an effective utilization of flora possibilities. Therefore, creation of plant monitoring system to optimize agrocenosis and to test of ecological stresses by analyzing state of phytocenosis is a basis for appraisal of environment quality and providing population health. In Ukraine methods of remote sensing of vegetation are developing for a number of years. The original results concerning estimation of some important characteristics of phytocenoses have been obtained.
We have developed:
- A method for remote estimation of chlorophyll content in different types of plants. The method is highly resistant to the contribution of soil reflection in the "soil-vegetation" system at an incomplete projective covering. According to our data even at 25 % projective covering on the background of strongly reflecting soil and the low chlorophyll contents (yellow-green leaves) the error in chlorophyll estimation does not exceed 10%;
- A method for remote estimation of total nitrogen content in the grass family plants;
- A basis for methods to estimate a projective covering value in the "soil-vegetation" system, moisture content, maturing of cereals, detection of such stress pigments as antocyans.
The second direction of our activity is connected to development of the equipment and the software for remote testing vegetation. Manufacturing the device for a remote estimation of chlorophyll in field conditions now comes to end. This device represents the spectrometer of the high spectral resolution supplied with irradiance and temperature detectors and GPS data unit for detecting geographical co-ordinates of a place of measurements. The applied software except for processing the spectral data by original algorithms allows to accumulate reflection spectra of various objects in a database. The modern element base has been used, such as diffraction grate of a special design, a CCD-matrix as the signal recorder that allows lowering considerably a level of noise due to application of original software. Two optical channels have been provided such as measuring and basic ones, as well as simultaneous photographing of the field of vision measured by the spectral device. Now we search for partners for testing of this equipment as in Ukraine and abroad.
The third direction of our activity - development of the airborne specialized complex (the equipment and the applied software) for monitoring of key parameters of agrocenosis describing their condition and allowing to predict their development and a crop. We believe, that our experience in using of reflectance spectra for estimating condition of vegetation, and also in developing specialized spectral equipment intended for estimating various parameters of phytocenosis, will provide the successful decision of a task in view.
We would like to offer co-operation to the interested organizations in developing set of methods and a hardware- software complex for remote sensing vegetation.
Some of our publications by the topic:
- Kochubey S.M., Shadchina T.M., Kobets N.I. The spectral characteristics of leaves as a basis of remote sensing methods). 1990, Kiev, Naukova dumka Publ. 136 pp (in Russian).
- Kanevski V.A., Ross J, Kochubey S.M., Shadchina T.M. Laser remote sensing of vegetation In: Advanced in Bioclimatology 3, 1994. G.Stanhill ed., Springer-Verlag, pp. 90-124
- Kochubey S.M. Comparison in informative power of multi-band measurements and high resolution spectroscopy for remote sensing of vegetation. Space science and technologies (Ukraine), 1999, 5: 41-48
- S.M. Kochubey, P.M. Pardalos, V.A. Yatsenko Method and the device for remote sensing of vegetation. Remote Sens. For Agricul., Ecosyst. and Hydrolog. IY, Manfred Qwe, Guido D’Urso, Leonidas Toulios Eds., 22-25 September, 2002, Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece, Proc. of SPIE, V. 4879, p. 243-251
- Pardalos, P., Knopov, P., Urysev, S. and Yatsenko, V. (2001), Optimal estimation of signal parameters using bilinear observation, in: Optimization and related topics, Rubinov A, and Glover B. (eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston-London,.
- S.M. Kochubey, P.I.Bidyuk Novel approach to remote sensing of vegetation Conference ‘AeroSence. Technologies and Systems for Defence & Security’, 21-25 April 2003, Orlando USA, Proc. of SPIE, V. 5093, P.327-329.
- S.M.Kochubey, V.A.Yatsenko A monitoring system for agricultural crops on chlorophyll basis. Remote Sens. For Agricul., Ecosyst. and Hydrolog. Y, 8-12 September 2003, Barselona, Spain. Proc. of SPIE, V. 5232
- V.A.Yatsenko, S.M. Kochubey,. P.M.Pardalos, L.Zhan. Estimation of chlorophyll concentration in vegetation using global optimization approach. ‘Technologies, Systems, and Architectures for Transnational Defence II’, SPIE Conference ‘AeroSence. Technologies and Systems for Defence & Security’, 21-25 April 2003, Orlando USA, Proc. of SPIE, V. 5071.
- V.A. Yatsenko, S.M. Kochubey, P.M. Pardalos. Adaptive sensor for chemical analysis. ‘Chemical and Biological Sensing IV’, SPIE Conference ‘AeroSence. Technologies and Systems for Defence & Security’, 21-25 April 2003, Orlando USA, Proc. of SPIE, V. 5085.
S.V. Malevinskij(3), A.A. Negoda(4), O.P. Fedorov(4), A.B. Kamelin(4), Ya.S. Yatskiv(5),
K.van’t Klooster(6)
(1)Institute of Radio Astronomy of NSAU,
4 Chervonopraporna Str., 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine, E-mail: akonov@ira.kharkov.ua
(2) ”Saturn” Association, Kiev, Ukraine
(3) National Space Center, Yevpatoria, Ukraine
(4) National Space Agency, Kiev, Ukraine
(5) Main Astronomical Observatory of NASU, Kiev, Ukraine
(6) ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
In the last years the concept of a radio astronomy upgrade and use of RT-70 antenna as one of the largest centimeter - decimeter wavelength antennas, was proposed and its realization have begun. The principal purpose is the development of a set of high sensitive modern radio astronomy equipment, to put it into operation and to carry out scientific research with RT-70 (including the international cooperation) for the most perspective fields of ground-space radio astronomy. The following topical areas are considered:
- international very long-base interferometer (VLBI) experiments including activities in the frame of ground-space interferometer projects (VSOP, VSOP-2, Radioastron);
- single-dish high sensitive broad band investigations of galactic and extra-galactic objects in continuum and spectral lines;
- radar investigations of natural and artificial solar system objects including the using of VLBI methods for planets, asteroids, meteors, space debris, satellites;
- ground-space investigations of the interplanetary medium by signals transmission from deep space satellites and natural space radio sources;
- VLBI radio astrometry for coordinate-time tasks, geodynamics, precise space navigation;
- preparation for the receiving of the telemetry data (in S-and X-bands) from deep space scientific European missions, for instance, Mars-Express, etc.
(1) Institute of Radio Astronomy of NSAU,
4 Chervonopraporna str.,61002 Kharkov, Ukraine,
E-mail: akonov@ira.kharkov.ua;
(2) Paris-Meudon Observatory, France;
(3) Space Research Institute, Graz, Austria;
(4) Astrophysical Institute, Potsdam, Germany;
(5) Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden.
Integrated investigations directed towards thorough progress of astrophysical, methodological, and technical aspects of the low frequency radio astronomy (from10 to 100MHz) are described. The investigations are presented as precursor of one of the most current line of development in modern radio astronomy – namely, the design of new generation, giant radio telescope operating at low frequencies (LOFAR). The investigations consist in developing and installing new means and methods, specifics of low frequency radio astronomy by using the world largest (European), low frequency radio telescopes UTR-2, URAN-1, URAN-2, URAN-3, URAN-4 (Ukraine), SURA (Russia), EiScat (Norway) and Nancay Decameter Array (France). Different kinds of investigations were carried out and proposed.
The special attention is paid to the solar-terrestrial relationship study (solar Type II bursts, CME, solar wind, interplanetary scintillations) through combined use of ground and space-based low frequency instruments (WIND, STEREO-WAVES, SIRA, etc.) as well as the radar approach.
Main Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Astrophysics, 27 akad. Zabolotnoho str., Kyiv -127, Ukraine,
tel: + (380-44) 266-4769, fax: + (380-44) 266-2147,
Web-site:http://www.mao.kiev.ua/staff/kuzkov
E-mail: kuzkov@mao.kiev.ua,
Air-space laser communication systems have some advantages in comparison with radio communication systems, especially on far distances in the space. So, using comparativly small sizes of receiving-transmitting systems, they have several angular seconds’ directivity diagram. Leading world space agencies design and test transmitting laser systems. In 1998 SPOT-4 satellite with laser terminal aboard was launched by European Space Agency (ESA) for communication with geostationary satellite. To provide the experiments of laser communication channels ESA in 12 June 2001 launched ARTEMIS (Advanced Relay and TEchnology MISsion) satellite with laser communication terminal (SILEX - Semiconductor Laser Inter Satellite Link Experiment) aboard to receive the large information flows from the low-orbital satellite SPOT-4 in quasi-real time measure and to provide the experiments with the optical ground station (OGS) ESA. Artemis will be a key element of Europe’s EGNOS satellite navigation system also.
From temporary orbit in November 2001 ARTEMIS successfully provided experiments on receiving-transmitting the information by the laser channel from SPOT-4 satellite and retranslation of the information by the radio channel to the ground station. In such way were provided the experiments of receiving-transmitting the information by laser channel between the satellite and OGS ESA in Canary Islands also.
In 31 January 2003 ARTEMIS satellite was placed to the planned point of geostationary orbit at 21.5 degrees East.
After the agreement with ESA managers during visit to our observatory in last year and according to our calculations were shown, these analogous experiments on receiving-transmitting the information by laser communication channel and on investigation the influence of atmosphere on the laser beam propagation between the geostationary satellite and the ground station can be provided by using ordinary astronomic telescopes. The description of the receiving system design for laser communication experiments between ESA geostationary ARTEMIS satellite and our ground 0.7 m telescope and the results of design and investigation of receiving block with use of Si avalanche photodiode are presented.
Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
27 Zabolotnogo St., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680,
E-mail: vida@mao.kiev.ua
Checking of the global warming and weakening of stratospheric ozone layer is one of the most important problems in the world. World’s countries have international agreements on reduction of these dangerous phenomena. This brings to reduction of industry activity at these countries and to enormous financial expenses. So, before their acceptance it is necessary to know exactly the reasons of that or other ecological phenomena. For this it is necessary to have observational data with high accuracy about spectral reflective characteristic of the Earth as a whole. Now such experimental data practically completely are absent. They may be obtained by the using of the astrophysical methods for Earth studies. Such complex observations may be obtained through international cooperation programs of European countries from a low price space micro-satellites, located far from Earth surface (Moon surface or one of Lagrange points). This will allow to execute the complex studies of the Earth "as a star". These data can be obtained by means of next experiments: 1. Low disperse (Dl~50-100 nm) spectrophotometric measurements of the whole disk of the Earth in spectral range of 200-3000 nm for phase angles of 0-180 degrees allow to determine spectral values of visual and spherical albedo. Inaccuracy of these estimations must be less than 0.1%. Since it is necessary to obtain the phase dependency of the Earth reflectivity, the observations can be executed from the Moon’s base, but not from Lagrange points. 2. For registration of the amount of radiated to the space heat energy and for determination of the vertical temperature profile it is necessary to execute the radiometric measurements within the wavelengths range of 4000-40000 nm from the Moon’s surface or from Lagrange points. 3. For monitoring of change of the chemical composition of the Earth atmosphere it is necessary to execute a high disperse spectrophotometry within the wavelengths range of 1000-15000 nm with spectral resolution better than 2 sm-1 from the Moon’s base or from Lagrange point of L1. 4. It is necessary to execute the spectropolarimetric measurement within the range of 220-300 nm for estimation of physical parameters of aerosol in the upper layer of terrestrial atmosphere. In this spectrum range ozone layer completely cuts off the influence of terrestrial surface and troposphere on the characteristic of reflected radiation. For such observations it is necessary to equip the Moon’s base by a simple ultraviolet spectropolarimeter with disperse of 5-20 nm. Because of impossibility to obtain the phase polarization dependency of radiation characteristic reflected from stratosphere - a Lagrange points do not serve for this. 5. Lagrange point of L1 is the best place for monitoring measurements of the energy distribution of the Sun’s spectrum. This point is located in 1.5 million kilometers from the Earth surface between the Sun and our planet. It is located outside the terrestrial magnetosphere, allows observing the Sun and requires the minimum number a maneuvers to save the given orbit. It is very easy to orient a station so that its one part all time was rotated on the Sun (the solar batteries and high disperse spectrometer), and the other one - to the Earth (high disperse spectrometer, described in p.3). The point of L1 is strategically very important because it stays on a way of the following of the solar energy to the Earth. And therefore, we shall be able directly register the possible changes on the Sun and on our planet, which can be caused by variations of the flow of the solar radiation. All above mentioned instruments can be designed by specialists of the Main astronomical observatory of NASU. They have a grate experience in manufacturing such instruments.
(1)Main Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
(2)IZMIRAN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Russia
Contact information: 27 Zabolotnogo St., Kyiv, Ukraine, 03680,
E-mail: osipov@mao.kiev.ua
During the last years helioseismology space missions are performed using two space vehicles.
The Russian-Ukrainian satellite CORONAS-F has been launched in July 31, 2001. The orbit is quasisinchronic with height 501-549 km and period 94.86 minutes. Among experiments aboard there is the photometer DIFOS-F. The design performs the continuous registration of solar irradiance within six spectral bands (range 350 nm -- 1600 nm) with high flux resolution. Real measurements of the solar irradiance started on August 22. The CORONAS-F provides 20-days of continuous observing time without gaps by sunset. The observed data is reducing now. The sets of power spectra were obtained. They demonstrate the increasing of power with height. The joint ESA/NASA SOHO spacecraft launched in December 2, 1995 carry four helioseismic experiments: Solar Oscillations Investigations (SOI), Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), the Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations (VIRGO), and the Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies (GOLF). Contrary to the CORONAS-F the SOHO is placed in the Lagrangian point a million miles sunward.
There is a possibility to coordinate the space observations aboard the satellite CORONAS-F and the ground-base observations obtained with high spatial resolution. The latter observations were carried out on August 20-26, 2001 simultaneously with the first 20-days observing campaign of DIFOS photometer. The ground based instrument was 70~cm German Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) of the Observatorio del Teide (Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias). The photospheric velocity and intensity oscillations of the different patterns of the solar surface were recorded with high spatial (0.5 arcsec) and temporal (9.3 sec) resolution. We used a time series of CCD spectrograms in the range from 30 min to 120 min. The CCD camera, with 1024x1024 photosensitive elements, collects the spectral data. The observed images contain the Fe I 532.4 nm and 639.3 nm spectral lines with good height coverage from the low photosphere up to the temperature minimum region.
The similar data was obtained from SOHO-MDI experiment. The study of acoustic waves propagation through granulation pattern has been carried out. Both the ground based and space data testify the increase of oscillation amplitudes over intergranular lines, while over granules phase behaviour corresponds to evanescent waves.
The DIFOS mission to be continued. This work has been supported by the National Space Agency of Ukraine.
Lviv Centre of Institute of Space Research
5-A Naukova St., 79060, Lviv, Ukraine,
Web-site: http://www.isr.lviv.ua
E-mail: soroka@isr.lviv.ua
The action of the energy of space origin on the earth’s processes, is usually related to electromagnetic flows. However the electromagnetic energy interaction with ionosphere and geosphere can cause other kinds of energy. The final agent of the space influence on geospheric processes and the biosphere will be a complex, consisting of several kinds of energy. In particular, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the atmosphere will result in intensive acoustic fluctuations within different frequency ranges of - from usual sounds to acousto-gravitation waves.
In Ukraine there are two observation points, where the continuous control over the atmospheric infrasound in the range of 0.003-20 Hz is carried out. The analysis the infrasound of records for some years (1997-2000) has shown, that it is connected with the solar and seismic activity. The mechanism of the influence of solar activity on infrasound fluctuation in the atmosphere is developed. The change in the atmosphere transparency under the influence of solar activity is a governing element of concession and transformation of solar radiation in the infrasound fluctuations in the atmosphere. The infrasound can be a measure of dynamics changes of atmospheric processes. The infrasound also reflects the earthquakes at a significant distances from their epicenter.
To study the influence of acoustic waves on the physicochemical processes, structural materials and bioobjects the acoustic test chamber was designed in LC ISR. In it is possible to create the acoustic fields with the intensity of 160 Db. Even at small intensities of the acoustic influence the change of the viscosity and electric conductivity salts of water solutions was revealed. At high levels of the sound the amount of microbes in milk significantly decreases after several minutes of processing.
The further research of the sound influence on the living organisms will be carried out with the use of model tests systems (culture of unicellular organisms and cells) according to the test procedure developed at the Institute of Botany of the NAS of Ukraine.
To investigate the acoustic channel of the interaction lithosphere-ionosphere powerful acoustic radiator has been developed in LC ISR. More than 300 experiments on artificial acoustic excitation of the atmosphere and observation of the electromagnetic responses within different frequency ranges are carried out. A number of regularities in the character of electromagnetic responses were established. For the first time the trigger mechanism of acoustic excitation in the atmosphere was revealed.
The preparation for the ground-space experiment with the satellite "Sich-1Ì" on observation of the processed of ionospheric changes under acoustic excitation of the atmosphere is conducted. The similar experiment will be carried out with the European Satellite "DEMETER". The results of the experiments will be used for creation the space system for detecting the abnormal processes on the Earth, which are accompanied by intensive acoustic radiation.
Dr.Sc., professor Mykola V. Zamiretz, PhD. Oleksandr M. Listratenko.
Company: State Enterprises Scientific Research Technological Institute of Instrument Engineering (SE SRTIIE).
Address: 40/42 Primakova Street, Kharkov, 61010, Ukraine.
E-mail: nitip@kharkov.ukrtel.net, tel. fax: (0572) 23-66-62
The research are on the joint of developments of the newest modules of coordinate detectors and experiments with nuclear bundles of high energies. The main purpose of research - learning of a strong coupling of particles.
Within the framework of the project #15 (under STCU funding) the new generation of hybrid microassemblies for silicon microstrip and drift detectors of ionizing particles in international experiment ALICE in CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) was created.
For successful implementation of the project the broad cooperation between separate exploratory groups of countries - terms of the project was created. In particular, Kharkov group (SE SRTIIE), executing necessary technological research, development of topological designs of microcables, flexible - rigid multilayer plates, connective, high-voltage cables and hybrid microassemblies. Group of Utrecht (National institute of nuclear research, NIKHEF, Holland), responsible for development of a design of modules coordinate microstrip of detectors and assembly of modules on load-carrying structures. Group of Strasbourg (Institute of subatomic research, JReS, France), responsible for the control and testing of chips, testing bilaterial silicon microstrip of detectors, assembly of detection modules. Group of Torino (National institute of a nuclear physics, INFN, Italy), responsible for development of hybrid microassemblies of modules of drift detectors, assembly of detection modules. Group of Trieste (branch of National institute of a nuclear physics, INFN, Italy), responsible for development of a design of high-voltage cables, control and testing of drift silicon detectors. Group of Helsinki (Helsinki institute of physics, HIP, Finland), responsible for assembly of chips on cables and assembly of modules microstrip of detectors.
As a result of the carried out experimental research the design was developed and the prototype detection microstrip of a module of a new generation, that has supplied: a) minimization of weight of materials in detection volume at the expense of exception of heavy metals (copper, gold etc.); b) the increase of reliability detection of systems at the expense of reduction quantity of welded joints in 2-3 times and full exception of wire commutation; c) decreasing critical dimensions of detection modules in 1,5 times at the expense of two-level arrangement of the detector and hybrid microassemblies; d) capability of processing up to 1500 of trunks by one electronic module with response 100 ns/channels and signal to noise ratio more than 10.
Dr.Sc., professor Mykola V. Zamiretz, PhD. Oleksandr M. Listratenko.
Company: State Enterprises Scientific Research Technological Institute of Instrument Engineering (SE SRTIIE).
Address: 40/42 Primakova Street, Kharkov, 61010, Ukraine.
E-mail: nitip@kharkov.ukrtel.net, tel. fax: (0572) 23-66-62
Carrying out in the last years at support NSAU and State Design Office “Yuzhnoye” of works on development of silicon photoconverters of space application have shown a key capability for creation in Ukraine of science-technological and industrial base for manufacturing solar cells and complete spacecraft SB by their set within the framework of the National space program of Ukraine. In particular, in SE SRTIIE together with ISP NASU designed and are inserted in production radiation-firm solar cells of space application for a complete SB set for spacecraft “Micron” from a series “Microsputnik”. Technical characteristics for standard solar cells models (for conditions AM0 at T=25 C) are adduced in tab. 1.
Dimensions, mm 20,0x40,0x0,2; 24,0x15,0x0,25
Load voltage, Vl, V 0,5-0,51
Open circuit voltage, Voc, V 0,6-0,61
Density of a short circuit current , Jsc, mA/cm2 39-41
Maximum output power, W/m2 190-200
Efficiency, n, % 14-14,5
Specific weight, g/cm2 appr. 0,2
Within the framework of the program “Technolog” activities on creation of flexible modules solar cells now are carried out. The solar modules allow to reach space factor by solar cells at a level 90-95% and to supply output power from 190 up to 260 W/m2 for conditions AM0. The development works on creation of prototypes of solar batteries of space assignment for a spacecraft MS-2-8 are carried out. The solar batteries for spacecraft “Egyptsat-1” by the ordering of the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Science – NARSS, Egypt are made. These batteries for the first time in Ukraine are made on the basis GaAs/Ge of solar cells, that will allow to supply their high power parameters, reliability, radiation stability and required duration of maintenance. The complete set of solar batteries is supposed to be executed with participation of the countries of European Union:
- Belgium, Brussels, the corporation E.N.E., Energies Nouvelles et Environnement; Italy, Milan the corporation CESI - development of a design and production one and multi-junction GaAs/Ge solar cells; - Great Britain, Denbighshire, THALES OPTICS LTD – radiation-firm of protective glasses for arsenide - gallic and silicon solar cells.
Special Research and Development Bureau of Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering,
Nat. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine. 47, Lenin Ave., 61103, Kharkîv, Ukraine.
Fax: 380 0572 322 293; E-mail: mail@cryocosmos.com
The software package for the numerical analysis of S/C thermal modes during orbital flight and at space simulation tests is created. It includes the programs COMRAD, COMTEM developed by Delphi 7.
COMRAD executes:
- the formation and graphic display of a S/C optical-geometrical model by the constructive blocks of a program database;
- the decomposition of the model on elementary facets;
- the computation of a S/C location and orientation at the given initial parameters of an orbit in view of it perturbations;
- the images in any vision of a mutual location of the Earth, S/C on orbit, Sun on ecliptic etc. in equatorial reference;
- the calculation by Monte-Carlo method of facets exchange factors and external radiant flows on them in the S/C given positions on revolutions of an orbit.
The programs are tested on tasks having known decisions.
Special Research and Development Bureau of Institute for Low Temperature
Physics and Engineering, Nat. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine. 47, Lenin Ave., 61103, Kharkîv, Ukraine. Fax: 380 0572 322 293; E-mail: mail@cryocosmos.com
V.I.Dranovskiy, M.I.Coshkin
"YUZHNOYE" State Design R&B 3 Krivorozhskaya street, Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine, 49008
phone: 38 0562 420 022,
Described is a stand rig facility designed and developed for thermo- vacuum testing of space vehicles/ spacecraft under conditions that simulate outer Space environmental factors.
The spacecraft- testing stand- rig facility (STSRF) is intended for simulation of "cold" Space environment, vacuum, irradiation by the Sun and Earth, and for determining an influence of these factors on thermal regime of spacecraft structure and relevant apparatus systems.
The STSRF includes Space environment simulators and systems designed to maintain the operation- ability hereof at implementing thermo- vacuum testing of space vehicles, and namely: vacuum chamber; vacuumization system; solar irradiation simulator; simulator of Earth irradiation; simulator of "cold" Space environment; thrust- and- turnover mechanism; system of control, measurement and processing of STSRF apparatus parameters; system of monitoring the parameters of spacecraft structural components. The STSRF vacuum chamber is placed in horizontal position. The vacuum chamber is destined to: arrange a closed hermetically- tight environment where exterior conditions of spacecraft orbital functioning, such as: vacuum, Sun and Earth irradiation, Space environment cold can be simulated, as well as to place a test- object (either a spacecraft or its thermal phantom) inside the vacuum chamber, and/ or to interface the test- object with relevant units, components, systems and equipment. The process of testing a spacecraft inside the vacuum chamber can be visualized. The vacuum chamber interior is dimensioned as: up to 3.280 mm O.D. and 6.725 mm in length. Structural design of the vacuum chamber and the thrust- and- turnover mechanism make it possible to mount a test- object of about 2 by 2 by 2 m size and up to 150 kg (350 lbs) weight. The vacuumization system consists of oil- free fore-vacuum and high- vacuum contours of cryogenic and turbo-molecular pumps, and ensures an operational regime- level up to residual vacuum- chamber pressure >1x 10 -5 mm mercury within maximum 10 hours. The residual gas composition is monitored by aid of mass- spectrometer instrumentation.
The Solar irradiation simulator provides irradiation of a test- spacecraft by means of radiation flux, which is analogous to that of the Sun in terms of light- flux and spectrum band. Mean- square non- uniformity of luminance in reference plane is maximum + 10%, and non-parallelism of beams – maximum + 5%. Total diameter of the light spot is 2.2 m. The Simulator of Earth irradiation is devised to irradiate the test- spacecraft with integrated flux composed of Earth- inherent radiation and reflected Solar irradiation of variable intensity, which is synchronized with orbit- evolutions of the spacecraft. Coefficient of irradiation from inner surface of cryogenic shields makes up > 0.9 at temperature hereof below 100K.
Space Research Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and National Space Agency of Ukraine (SRI NASU-NSAU)
Address: 40 Glushkov Prosp., 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine
Tel./fax: (+380-44) 266-3008
E-mail: ok@space.is.kiev.ua
Global monitoring for environment and security (GMES) is a joint initiative of the European Commission and the European Space Agency, designed to establish a European capacity for the provision and use of operational information for monitoring of environment and security. The European capacity for GMES is intended to be operational in a staggered way by 2008. Its construction is planned over two periods known as the Initial Period (2002-2003) and the Implementation Period (2004-2008).
Contributions to the Implementation Period will come from several sources, including the Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration (FP6) and the ESA Earthwatch GMES Service Element (GSE).
The GSE focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on Earth Observation sources and aims to draw on the results obtained from present generation of Earth Observation satellites and to provide recommendations for the future operational observation systems.
The GSE starts with a Consolidation phase. The Consolidation will allow the evaluation of a large set of candidate services and will eventually lead to the selection of a few full-fledge operational services in 2004.
NSAU initiated contract on elaboration of scientific and technical basis for collaboration of Ukrainian institutions with GMES where SRI NASU-NSAU is a main contractor. The capacities of Ukrainian institutions were assessed and scientific program and proposals for creation of pilot GMES-Ukraine Service Element were elaborated.
Proposed Service named “Building Information Service Capacity in Support of Integrated River Basin Management”. It is correspond to main requirements and activities of GSE. The service background, available EO and in situ data, existing capacities, etc. are presented on poster.
Marine Hydrophysical Institute of UNAS, 99011 Sevastopol, Ukraine,
E-mail: yurat@satg.mhi.iuf.net
Monitoring of the Black and Azov seas concerns to a number of actual problems that are of interest both for Ukraine and other European countries. Solution of this problem will provide the control of ecological safety in the Black and Azov seas, more rational use of biological resources of the basin, better engineering of coastal zone, extraction and transportation of mineral resources.
The basis of the problem solution is the operational multidisciplinary monitoring of the basin capable to provide broad and adequate information in the form, which is relevant for end users and managers. Marine Hydrophysical Institute in cooperation with other riparian countries has built an initial observing system of the Black Sea. This initiative is supported by National Space Agency of Ukraine and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine as the input to international project Black Sea GOOS and EC project ARENA of FP5. Last year the listed advantages of the proposed model permitted to proceed to the regime of operative monitoring of the Black Sea. In this connection there is a necessity in perfecting the system of the data operative collection required for the monitoring, and the control of reliability of the obtained results.
The initial observing system includes now the data of altimetry measurements from satellites ENVISAT, GFO, ERS, JASON, the data on the wind fields received from the satellite QuickSCAT and NCEP reanalysis and the surface temperature obtained by NOAA satellites, data of the surface drifting buoys and deep-sea profiling floats. The Black Sea circulation model assimilating altimetry, wind and sea surface temperature is applied now to map continuously three-dimensional current, salinity and temperature fields. The data of freely floating buoys are used to validate the model output. The animation of the Black Sea dynamics on various depths illustrates the obtained results. The comparison of the model output and the field data demonstrates the skill of the initial observing system.
Joint development of a GMES project in the Azov-Black Sea basin will promote solution of regional problems and provide the information exchange between the Ukraine and the European countries in this direction.
Space Research Institute of National Academy of Sciences and National Space Agency of Ukraine (SRI NASU-NSAU)
Adress: 40 Glushkov Prosp., 03680, Kyiv, Ukraine, Tel./fax: (+38-044)266-41-24,
Web-site: www.uason.org.ua
E-mail: ikd@space.is.kiev.ua,
The institute is realizing fundamental and applied scientific research in the field of space sciences, project development for space scientific mission and special information systems. There are about 130 members of the staff, including 10 doctors of sciences, 23 candidates of sciences (Ph.D.) and 8 research departments. They directions of activity are the following:
System analysis and control (Sc.D. M.M. Lychak). The development of the new approach to problems of the guaranteed estimation and control in nonstochastic uncertainty conditions; influences of solar activity and "space weather" parameters, on the human health and enviroment; software development for calculations, simulation and programming in the form of MATLAB Toolboxes.
Space plasma (Prof. O.K.Cheremnyh). Solar wind interaction with the Earth magnetic field, collective processes in the ionosphere and magnetosphere plasma, space dusty plasma; convective mechanisms of generation and evolution of geomagnetic field; theoretical support of space experiments onboard ISS;
Space Information Technologies and Systems (Sc.D. N.N.Kussul). Intelligent neural networks space science applications; intelligent multi–agent security systems; distance learning technologies.
Geoinformatics and Modelling (Ph.D. S.A.Smirnov). Atmospheric correction for aerospace Earth surface optical images, theory and data proceeding; remote sensing data analysis for meteorology and climatologic applications; decision support systems and risk assessment for space activity.
Analysis of Promising Space Problems Department (Sc.D. L.I.Samoilenko). System analysis of space activity prospects in Ukraine and international tendencies; space activity strategic planning methodology, information support of administrative decisions; models and methods for estimation and control of space projects.
System Analysis of Remote Sensing Problems (Ph.D. O.A.Kolodyazhnyy). System approach to environmental problems (management of big river basins, forestry, emergency situations, etc.) with use of remote sensing and in situ data; big information systems and infrastructures that includes data base, GIS, simulation and Internet tools.
Dynamics of the ionosphere processes ( Prof. V. N. Ivchenko). Earth upper atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere: plasma wave processes, photochemistry, AGW, troposphere-ionosphere coupling, and seismogenic effects in the ionosphere. Processing and interpreting of satellite-born observations, methodology of electric and magnetic space measurements, preparation of satellite missions: VARIANT (to be launched in 2004), WARNING and others.
Science Data Processing Center (Ph.D. Yu.O.Selivanov). Hard- and software for science data of international space mission VARIANT onboard the satellite "Sich-1M" in 2004-2005; development and maintenance of the ground data-processing system NORDIS-VARIANT for science data acquisition, storing, processing and dissemination; new approaches to space science missions data processing on the base of advanced technologies.
Affiliation: Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth
Address: 01601, Kyiv, 55-B O. Honchar Street
Web-site: http://www.casre.kiev.ua
E-mail: lyalko@casre.kiev.ua ; casre@casre.kiev.ua
The main task of GMES Project is to develop the infrastructure of global space monitoring of the Earth aimed to promote effective solutions of numerous problems concerning ecology of territories and make provision for sustainable development of European countries. One of the topical problems is a global change of natural processes (climate changes due to greenhouse effect in particular). Several large international projects and programs, including GMES, are devoted to study these changes. On our opinion, Ukraine’s participation in GMES can supplement and enrich the program with knowledge thank to experience and contribution of Ukraine’s scientists and data exchange with European colleagues (“Sich-1M” images, archive data and ground truth materials on test sites). Second topical problem is regular ecological monitoring of Eurasian forests from space to maintain managerial decision-making on their rational exploitation and conducting of mass experimental measurements for carbon exchange intensity in the “vegetation – atmosphere” system. The results of the experiments should be used along with hydro-meteorological characteristics in forecasting models of regional and global changes of atmospheric temperature and moisture. Such climate changes can influence agricultural productivity and socio-economic processes.
JSC “SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS”
271,Academika Pavlova str.,UKRAINE 61054 Kharkov
Telephone (0572) 26-60-57 Fax (0572) 26-41-12
Web-site: www.niiri.com.ua
Email: malafeyev@niiri.kharkov.com
A space navigational maintenance system (SNMS) is being currently created in Ukraine.
The main task of SNMS is to ensure the quality of practical application for satellite navigational technologies.
A ground segment is being created at the first stage. The segment includes a network, covering 10-12 regional navigational overlay monitoring sites and a navigational overlay monitoring centre.
While developing SNMS, Ukrainian experts emphasize integration with EGNOS/GALILEO program.
At this stage, the efforts are concentrated on creation of regional RIMS-like sites and organization of data transfer to the Central Processing Facility (CPF) of EGNOS ESTB.
Presently, the efforts are taken to connect the first Ukrainian regional reference station to ESTB CPF (Henefoss, Norway) as well as to ensure testing this station in the structure of European network of ESTB stations. Ukrainian reference station has been developed according to ESTB requirements for upgrading with additional RS and deployed in Kharkov this year.
Both Ukraine and EC will benefit from integration of SNMS elements into EGNOS program. In the shortest possible time Ukraine acquires the possibility to use space navigational technologies in full measure and increase their quality, and EGNOS extends its service area to the East.
According to estimates of GNSS Project Office experts (Toulouse) and Ukrainian experts (Open Joint Stock Company “JSC SRIRM”), the connection of RS (Kharkov) to ESTB stations network will ensure a 30-40% increase in SIS navigational signal accuracy in Ukraine, Poland, Turkey and Romania.
State scientific and production center “PRYRODA”
Build. 4/1, 40, Glushkova prospect, Kyiv, Ukraine
Web-site: www.pryroda.gov.ua
E-mail: Gotynyan@pryroda.gov.ua
The gas-transportation system of Ukraine is a power and advanced infrastructure, which one includes 37 000 kms of gas pipelines, 78 compressor and more than 1000 delivery measuring stations, access roads, defensive facilities etc. It provides the transit of gas from Russia and Central Asian countries to Europe. 19 countries of Europe receive gas due to transit via Ukrainian territory. Therefore not only well-being of Ukraine, but also power safety of EU depends on an effective work of gas-transportation system. The stability of these facilities is to a great extent instituted by modern geodynamics - processes and phenomena, which one are the reason of deformation of rocks and changes of the Earth's relief. The modern remote sensing data provide an opportunity to explore such a processes and to study their influence on stability of engineering facilities, arterial gas-pipes in particular.
In Pryroda Center the method of geodynamic studies applying the aerospace information is created and tested. It allows to explore tectonic structures and neotectonic movies along the pipeline's tracks as well as to carry out monitoring the gas-transportation system. This method includes studies of exterior indicators of tectonic structures by means of remote sensing data – space images of high spatial resolution in visible and infra-red bands, radar images etc. There are many features of a relief and landscape determined by endogenous processes - gradual and impulsive, vertical and horizontal movements of earth crust. The complexes of indicators allow to reveal geologic structures of a various type. Among them the main attention is given to analysis of disjunctive failures. The disjunctive tectonic structures connected to lineaments determine mobility of blocks of earth crust, and also physical and mechanical conditions of rocks, underground waters circulation. Besides they influence on of exogenous processes activity.
The pilot investigations made along 3 sections of mains in different parts of Ukraine confirmed the effectivenes of the method. Their results allow to draw the following conclusions: 1. The newest geodynamics determines a stability of gas arterial pipelines and other engineering facilities. Deformations of Earth’s crust and various processes connected to them of rearrangement of a relief, can result to severe emergencies. 2. The space images are both the most informative and an operative source for analysis of lineament tectonics. The up-today images allow to explore geological processes inside lineament zones (fracturing, ground water anomalies, landslides, karst etc.). 3. It’s necessary to make the typification of failures on pipe lines in the near future. It is necessary to determine as far and how the different geological processes influence on stability of mains. 4. The arrangement of experimental and methodical studies as on the platform and the mountainous test-areas is indispensable. It will allow to investigate processes inside the lineament zones, anomalies of physical fields and their influencing on gas pipelines.
The efforts of Joint Research Center (EU) and Pryroda center (Ukraine) are directed to organization of such relevant studies. Their results would be important for power safety of all Europe.
(1)Kharkiv National University, Svobody square, 4, Kharkiv-77, Ukraine;dudnik@nord.vostok.net
(2)Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, Michael.L.Kaiser@nasa.gov
(3)Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium; Norma.Crosby@oma.be
(4)4Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow, Russia getselev@taspd.sinp.msu.ru
(5)Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Taiwan; dalex@jupiter.ss.ncu.edu.tw
Results of experimental solar-terrestrial coupling investigations obtained by the Kharkiv National University (KhNU) during some of the last years are presented here. Principal new knowledge about the mechanism of coronal mass ejection influence on Earth’s energetic particle environment and Earth’s magnetosphere radio noise dynamics has been obtained using joint ground- and space-based observations of 1.) HF magnetospheric sporadic radio emission measured by KhNU’s and Crimean Astrophysical Observatory’s radio telescopes, and 2.) Solar radio spikes obtained by the WAVES instrument aboard the WIND (NASA) satellite [1].
To provide experimental data for the investigation of Earth’s radiation belts and solar cosmic rays the spectrometer-telescope for charged energetic particles (STEP-F), to be placed on a satellite, is being developed by KhNU. It will be installed aboard the Russian spacecraft “CORONAS-PHOTON” that is planned to be launched in 2006. Results of elaboration, the manufacturing and testing of the charged particle detectors, the spectrometric amplifiers and the digital processing information unit of the particle spectrometer-telescope (STEP-F) are presented [2].
The aims of new international collaboration between KhNU with leading researchers at Moscow State University / Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (Moscow, Russia) and the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (Brussels, Belgium) are 1.) experimental investigation and 2.) computer simulation of expected anomalies in particle flux and absorbed dose measurements observed on artificial Earth satellites. In the frame of this work KhNU will develop a laboratory prototype of a small-sized device for the registration of electron, proton and alpha particle fluxes as well as ionizing radiation absorbed doses. The advantages of such a type of device model is its small geometric dimensions, low power consumption, a wide range of registered particle energies, and the possibility to keep both obtained and processed information during a long periods of time due to significant on-board memory. A common view and technical characteristics of the elaborated model is presented, as well as the tasks, which can be solved with the help of this new device.
References.
1. Dudnik O. V., Kaiser, M. L., Yurovsky, Yu. F. Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice, France, 2003, Vol. 5, 05446, 2003.
2. O. Dudnik, T. Goka, et al., 34rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 10 - 19 October, 2002, Houston, USA. Book of Abstracts, paper N 00189, 2002.
The National Space Agency of Ukraine
tel.: 38 044 248-76-32
E-mail: gera@nkau.gov.ua
NSAU activities include space technologies transfer and commercialization. Ukrainian space industry enterprises have developed up-to-date technologies, which are utilized by both the space sector ( Sea Launch Project, Dnipro Project, etc.) and non space ones (machine-building, telecommunication facilities, medical equipment, fuel and energy complex, agriculture etc.) At the same time, we are facing some problems concerning technologies commercialization: lack of mechanisms to ensure the effective use of technologies, uncertainty of intellectual property issues, etc. To ensure the solution of these problems appropriate TACIS project has been performed. It’s so called BISTRO project named “Ukrainian technology commercialization”. The main results of this project are as follows:
- Space technologies commercialization experience of the worlds strongest space agencies has been analyzed
- 32 TACIS recommendations how to organize space technologies commercialization activity in Ukraine have been prepared
- Good contacts with experts from EC, ESA and European companies have been established
- Elaboration of the Ukrainian Space Technologies Catalogue
- Creation of the Ukrainian Space Innovation Centre
- Elaboration of the Technology Portal to market Ukrainian space technology
- Presentation of the Ukrainian Space Technologies to local and foreign market
Main opportunities:
- Ukrainian technologies transfer in behalf of European organizations and enterprises.
- Development of technologies on demand of European organizations and enterprises.
Lack of awareness of R&D resources and needs.
Lack of trust
Lack of communications
We would like to discuss with European partners appropriate mechanisms to ensure mutually beneficial cooperation in the sphere of space technology development and commercialization.
Chief designer, Academician Yuriy M.Zlatkin
Chief of Research Department Vitaly P.Rzhemovsky
Chief of Sub Department Sergey V. Oleynik
Chief of Group Alexander A. Sumtsov
Company/Department: HARTRON Public Co / LTD RPI HARTRON-ARKOS
1 Acad.Proskura Str., 61070 , KHARKOW, UKRAINE
Web-site: www.arkos.kharkov.ua
E-mail: arkos@sovam.kharkov.ua
Since 1970 LTD RPI HARTRON-ARKOS has developed the control systems for the special space blocks having weight about 20 tons. They were component of the manned orbital complex of «Almaz» («Salut») and «Mir». The main task of the control system of these units was automatic rendezvous and docking with the orbital station to deliver equipment and cargoes. The experience in development of the control systems for these units was used in development of the Functional Cargo Block "Zarya" for International Space Station.
The Zarya unit being the first orbiting element of ISS provided:
- ISS control when the American unit NODE1 «Unity» was docked by Shuttle
- ISS control («Zarya» + «Unity» assembly) in orbit during ~ 600 days,
- automatic rendezvous and docking of ISS with weight ~ 32 tons to the service unit «Zvezda».
The E.O.Paton Electric Welding Institute, NASU
11, Bozhenko str., Kiev, 03680, Ukraine
Tel. (380 44) 229 27 33, Fax (380 44) 227 55 33
Web-site: www.paton.kiev.ua
E-mail: office@paton.kiev.ua
Over the recent year the interest was significantly growing to the use of welding and brazing in space for the fulfillment of repair and site works on thin-walled elements of orbital stations. In this connection the intensive research works are carried out both in Ukraine and abroad for the creation of effective methods and equipment for quality control and determination of stressed state of welded joints of structures operating in space.
The application of highly-effective methods of electron laser interferometry and compact equipment for contact-free non-destructive control of defectiveness and diagnostics of stressed state of welded and brazed elements of space objects, including determination of technical condition of the objects under space conditions, is the challenging for the solution of the above problems. To increase the quickness of diagnostics, the computer processing of the interferograms, containing the information about the quality of the object examined and other information, is used that provides the automatic search for defects and evaluation of the stressed state during 30-60s.
The high sensitivity of the methods of laser interferometry, the validity of results obtained, low energy consumption and mass of equipment open up the new opportunities for express diagnostics of structure elements under the space conditions.
Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
36, Ac. Vernadsky blvd., Kyiv-142, Ukraine, 03680
E-mail: zhivolub@imp.kiev.ua
The aim of "MORPHOS" experiment is the direct study of the solid-liquid interface development in bulk (3-dimensional) samples under directional solidification in different crystallographic directions in ground and microgravity conditions. Flight experimental set-up "MORPHOS" intended for directional solidification of transparent substances is under development. Ground-based experiments in 3-dimensional and quasi 2-dimesional samples are in progress.
Experimental study of crystallization in microgravity is one of the priorities for material science in space and plays considerable role in ISS research programs. Application of transparent substances for the study of directional solidification is the promising experimental approach for better understanding of the processes of material production in space.
Utilization of cylindrical 3-dimensional samples provides the only practical way for in situ real time observation both dynamics of interface structure formation and convective flow in the melt. Previous studies including flight experiments got new insight into details of cellular interface development, influence of fluid flow and grain boundaries. For instance, characteristic dynamic effects were found, no wavelength selection and spontaneous elongated cells were observed etc.
Precise analysis of interface development under microgravity needs new efforts in direct observations. This work concentrates on long–duration continuous observation the interface microstructure for different crystallographic orientations. Both 2D and 3D preparations were applied for succinonitrile single crystals.
The aim of ground-based test of MORPHOS installation was to prepare flight experiment and to obtain morphological data sequence for succinonitrile and pivalic acid single crystals at various growing rates as well.
The MORPHOS installation provides the direct observation of crystallization front and adjacent crystal regions during growth process through the molten zone. Optical unit consists of TV pickup camera, image focusing system and illuminators. This unit maintains image sharpness, i.e. corrects the influence of optical path change while crystallization front moving along the specimen during experiment.
Special attention was concentrated on development of technique for single crystals production. Succinonitrile seed crystals of <100>, <110> and <111> were used. A few stages for creation and subsequent upgrade of MORPHOS installation are foreseen. At the first stage it is supposed to create flight installation MORPHOS-1. The next type of the installation will allow observing and registering melt flows near crystallization front and to study vibration/acoustic action influence on structure formation process.
During ground–based research conventional setup for experiments with two-dimensional samples is used at the same time with MORPHOS installation.
(1)State Company "Dniprocosmos",
(2)National Space Agency of Ukraine
49008, Dnepropetrovsk, post office box 798
Tel/Fax: +380562-343300,
E-mail: w@dniprokosmos.dp.ua
Modern Ukrainian system of monitoring is constructed on departmental base. According to the “Regulation of the state system of monitoring” the subjects of monitoring are 8 ministries, each of which has its own observation network, central and local services and its own area of responsibility. NSAU must provide all the subjects by the remote sensing data and render methodical and technical assistance in the area of interpretation and usage of this data.
Main drawbacks of the existing system:
- Data from different departmental networks are not verified with each other.
- Portion of instrumental observations is small.
- Modern GIS which allow to assimilate and process data from different sources on single basis are not developed (80% of users note this as a main drawback).
The regional or territorial principle must be taken as a basis of building of the distribution network (network of service elements) at that. This approach allows to realize to the utmost the remote sensing advantages.
1.Multidisciplinarity. 2. Objectivity. 3. Visibility.
Thanks to these qualities the remote sensing data are the main verifying instrument for prove-out, improvement and refinement of data from different sources.
State Company "Dniprocosmos" may be taken as an example of such regional centre. It was created in 1998 by NSAU and Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration specially for introduction of aerospace services and technologies.
The Dniepropetrovsk Province (oblast) was defined as a basic one by joint resolution taking into account the following factors:
- Presence of specialists in the branch who are familiar with remote sensing, methods of observation and data processing;
- Dnipropetrovsk region is a region of high man-caused load.
- Developed and transmitted regional complex of aerospace monitoring in to research exploitation (1998) and program-technical complex of aerospace images handling (2002).
- Developed and realized in 1998-2002 y. regional program on using data space observation of Earth for subject task solution of management and economical activity in Pridneprovsk region. It was made a number of tasks of Earth remote sensing thematic data processing with satellites “Sich-1”, Spot, “Ocean-O”, “Resurs-3M” .
- Experimental project on location and condition control specially of dangerous mobile, difficult of access and distant objects with the usage of satellite navigation facilities, connection and data transfer to the centre of control.
- It was developed automatic system of ecological monitoring in Dniepropetrovsk and it is functioning successfully.
- It was developed documentation for users of space system “Sich-1” and “ Ocean-O”.
- At the present moment it is developing State standard of Ukraine “Earth remote sensing from the space. Terms and definitions”.
- .There has been organized instruction in fundamentals of remote sensing and GIS-technologies for students of Dnepropetovsk National University.
The following problem tasks must be solved during the creation of GMES as an operational system:
- To ensure regular receipt of remote sensing data. Thereafter the regional centers must have their own minimal set of means of observation (mobile laboratory, robot plane).
- To provide calibration and intercalibration of remote sensing data from various satellites.
- To work out and certify technologies of solving of subject problems.
- To determine composition and quality of necessary ground truth data, sources and modes of their receipt on regular basis.
Institute of Technical Mechanics NASU & NSAU
Dnipropetrovsk
E-mail: Alpatov@osa.dp.ua, Pirozhenko@osa.dp.ua
Space tethered systems (STS) are a dynamically developing perspective direction of contemporary cosmonautics. The scientists of the Institute of technical mechanics together with the scientists of "Yuzhnoye" State Design Beard under the guidance of dr.V.I. Dranovsky, Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics under the guidance of prof. V.V. Beletsky, University of Technology Vienna, Institute of Mechanics under the guidance of prof. H. Troger, University Karlsruhe TH, Engineering Mechanic Institute under the guidance of prof. V. Wittenburg, Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics under the guidance of prof. Zakrzhevsky are carrying out research in this direction for a number of years. In particular, the research was conducted within two contracts with INTAS (INTAS-94-0644, INTAS-99-01096). The following results have been obtained by the present time.
A number of new projects of STS application have been developed, including:
- Project of small independent STS for experimental orbital investigations of the processes of STS deployment and functioning.
- Project of using STS stabilized by rotation as an integral sensor to measure Earth fields.
- Project of using a current conducting tethered connection for a solar power module.
- Project of the system of gravitational spacecraft motion stabilization using a spherical hinge and tethered connection.
- the influence of body vibrations by interior degrees of freedom on the system dynamics in the field of central forces;
- evolution of parameters of extensive system motion on near-earth orbits;
- energy redistribution in resonance modes;
- stochastization and synchronization of motions.
At present attention is concentrated on the investigation of the problems of STS end bodies motion stabilization and, in particular, the development of a new scheme of spacecraft gravitational stabilization. The project of investigation of perspective superextensive STS dynamics has been prepared, including space lift dynamics.
Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Space Agency (ITM NASU and NSAU), 15 Leshko-Popelya, Dniepropetrovsk, 49600,Ukraine
Tel (8-37-0562) 47-25-88, Fax (8-37-0562) 47-34-13
E-mail: bass@pvv.dp.ua
A short survey of the results of numerical, experimental and full-scale investigations of supersonic neutral rarefied gas flows interaction with the orbital spacecraft technical surfaces and structure elements is presented. The research team of the Rarefied Gas Dynamics Department has carried out the investigations for the last two decades.
The block diagram and technical data of VAU-2M vacuum aerodynamic facility with a cryogenic pumping system are given.
The study and analysis of integral sections of scattering, momentum-exchange coefficients and scattering indicatrices of supersonic neutral rarefied gas flows having velocities of 6 - 9 km/s interacting with main structural materials of SV outer coatings (screen-vacuum heat insulation, aluminum - magnesium alloys, solar battery fragments, ceramic coatings etc.) have been performed on this facility and presented in this paper.
New numerical and experimental results of solving the primal and inverse problems of rarefied gas dynamics are demonstrated.
The results of the data processing related to aerodynamic deceleration of six PION passive spheric standard artificial earth satellites manufactured of different structural materials during Variatsiya space experiment are discussed. The satellites were launched into circular orbits (~300 km over Earth’s surface) as a part of Resurs-F space vehicles and separated from them by couples 25.05.1989 and 18.07.1989 and 01.08.1992. These satellites’ outer coating materials were chosen on the basis of the experimental results analysis and the experiments being carried out on VAU-2M facility.
New mathematical models are considered to describe mass transfer and glow characteristics in the vicinity of SV including the calculation of three-dimensional flows field accounting to propulsion systems’ jets interaction with structure elements.
Great attention is paid to the role of physical and numerical experiments in the investigations of glow intensity level and contamination of on-board instruments and equipment attributed to the structural materials mass loss products collision between themselves and with incoming flow particles.
A scientific program of individual space experiments on studying the kinetics of interphase and intermolecular interaction is proposed.
State design office “Yuzhnoe”, ITM of NASU and NSAU
Leshko-Popelya str.,15, Dnepropetrovsk, 49005, Ukraine
Tel.: 380 562 460266, fax: 380 562 473413,
E-mail: itm@pvv.dp.ua
One of the actual problems of the world cosmonautics is the reduction of the payload lift-off value per unit. Collaboration between European Space Agency and Ukraine on this problem solution can be fruitful for both sides.
The problem of system parameters choice and the carrier-rocket (CR) launching cost according to the profit criterion is considered. As “the direct” solution of this problem is very bulky and taking into account the fact that reliability is a parameter connecting income and cost price with system technical characteristics (as a function of geometrical sizes of the load-carrying structure, redundancy multipleness, operating conditions, labor-rent cost, etc.) its decomposition is proposed.
First the basing of payload mass value for the CR alternative variants is made. The information about the launching cost statistical dependence on the payload mass and reliability, borrowing power integral factor with taking into account deciding person preference system and about the cost price dependence on the technical parameters is used.
Then the traditional designing is made according to the start mass criterion. The data obtained allows using methods of reliability calculations with the accuracy necessary for technical designing (without hypothetical assumptions about a random processes distributive law and type) and finding the dependencies “mass-reliability”, “cost-reliability”. Further optimal reliability standards are found, which give maximum profit with accounting limits of the payload and CR final speed. The next stage is the determining of technical factors corresponding to the reliability standards and of CR cost price rational value to give maximum profit with taking into account borrowing power integral factor found on the basis of multi-objective utility theory.
Additional iterations are made under solution if necessary. The case when the profit fractile accounting random character of market economy factor is used as the optimality criterion is also considered.
Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Space Agency (ITM NASU and NSAU),
15 Leshko-Popelya, Dniepropetrovsk, 49600,Ukraine
Tel (8-37-0562) 46 32 16, Fax (8-37-0562) 47-34-13
E-mail: itm@pvv.dp.ua
Basic results on investigations into gasdynamic processes under the controlled actions of jet and mechanical regulators on the nozzle surface, as well as undo the characteristic disturbing actions resulted from variations in rocket engine working-surfaces geometric parameters from analytical values are obtained.
Unsteady heat-mass exchange processes in complex multiunit structures and units of rocket power plants as well as heaters operated by solid, liquid and gas fuel are studied numerically and analytically. New results are obtained in studies of heat-mass exchange processes under transient conditions in liquid power plants in starting, stopping, pausing, and restarting.
Proposed mathematical processes models and methods for calculating unsteady heat-mass exchange processes allow for structural features, namely, complex-shaped geometries, multilayer structures, an irregular intensive heat input, the change in physical properties and phase conditions of propulsive masses.
Results of investigations into the design of new supersonic nozzles with a thrust-vector gasdynamic control may be used for vehicles with a close configuration of power plants and for technological process of controlled supersonic gas flows. The most significant results are obtained for shortened supersonic nozzles with different-form heads and a gasdynamic thrust-vector plug nozzle.
Numerical studies are validated by experiments using models and full-scale products with controlled gas flows, namely, nozzle and heater models, control-system components, liquid and solid propulsion.
Research results may be used in European countries in developing and updating power plants with controlled gas flows, as well as in designing new technological processes based on high-temperature controlled gas flows.
In particular, these results will be of use for increasing power-mass characteristics of thrust-vector controls for liquid and solid rockets, for designing vehicles with a close configuration of engine bays, and general-purpose impulsers with remote fuel combustion.
Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the National Space Agency of Ukraine
125 Leshko-Popel St., Dnepropetrovsk 49600, Ukraine
Tel.: +38 (0562) 467-091, Fax: +38 (0562) 471-941,
E-mail: anatoly@ramed.dp.ua
The basic requirements for the microwave system of spaceborne equipment both for research and satellite communication are small mass and size, low cost and high reliability. Our technology based on multilayer elecroforming in combination with electroforming assembly, which has repeatedly proved its efficiency makes possible large-scale integration multifunctional microwave devices. Its distinctive feature is a special electrodeposition regime that provides a fine-grain structure and high plasticity of the metals, and reusable knock-down matrices provide not only high manufacturing accuracy, but also the identity of the electrical parameters of the devices being manufactured. Besides, electroforming assembly makes possible monolithic multifunctional modules without any butt joints, the waveguide wall thickness being only 200 to 300 mm as opposed to several millimeters in conventional structures thus offering far smaller mass and size of the device as a whole.
The integrated form of the microwave system of spaceborne equipment calls for a special approach to its characterization, which would enable one to determine its characteristics and parameters at sections inaccessible for point-to-point connection. Conventional instrumentation gives no way of characterizing devices of this type. Using 12-port meters in combination with a high-resolution spectral analysis can solve this problem.
The proposed technology in combination with the vector S-parameter meter developed and time-domain analysis makes it possible both to manufacture integrated microwave devices and to adjust them without disassembling. Such microwave devises can be used in the development of the microwave system of space-borne equipment for earth remote sensing, side-looking radars, communication and navigation systems and phased arrays.
Preliminary contacts with representatives of the European Space Agency made it possible to draw up the basic lines of joint research into the feasibility of monolithic transponders for millimeter-wave satellite communication systems.
15, Leshko-Popelya St., Dnepropetrovsk, 49600, Ukraine
tel: +38 0562472455; fax: +38 0562473413;
E-mail: zhechev@optima.com.ua
A. D. Sheptun, Assistant Professor, Candidate of Engineering Science,
I. V. Mashtak –Yuzhnoye State Design Office
3, Krivorozhskaya St., Dnepropetrovsk, 49008, Ukraine
tel: +38 0562925077; fax: +38 0567700125;
E-mail: kbu@public.ua.net
One of the directions of future use of space navigation systems, and in particular, of the European Satellite Navigation System GALILEO is connected with the solution of spacecraft navigation tasks. To solve these tasks, the direct point methods are usually applied. However, in some cases, the direct point methods cannot ensure the required accuracy of navigational determinations. This refers to the following cases:
- when to solve the task of long-term prediction, the SC motion parameters are required to be determined with increased accuracy;
- determination of orbital parameters of the SC in high-altitude orbits with reference to which there are not always the constellations of navigation satellites available that are required to solve the given task by the direct point methods;
- other cases requiring determination of orbital parameters with the accuracy that many times exceeds the accuracy ensured by the point methods.
Unlike the abo